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The Panther tank, officially Panzerkampfwagen V Panther (abbreviated Pz.Kpfw. V) with ordnance inventory designation: Sd.Kfz. 171, is a German medium tank of World War II. It was used in most European theatres of World War II from mid-1943 to the end of the war in May 1945.

The Panther was intended to counter the Soviet T-34 medium tank and to replace the Panzer III and Panzer IV. Nevertheless, it served alongside the Panzer IV and the heavier Tiger I until the end of the war. While having essentially the same Maybach V12 petrol (690 hp) engine as the Tiger I, the Panther had better gun penetration, was lighter and faster, and could traverse rough terrain better than the Tiger I. The trade-off was weaker side armour, which made it vulnerable to flanking fire, and a weaker high explosive shell. The Panther proved to be effective in open country and long-range engagements. The Panther had excellent firepower, protection and mobility, though early variants suffered from reliability issues. The Panther was far cheaper to produce than the Tiger I. Key elements of the Panther design, such as its armour, transmission, and final drive, were simplifications made to improve production rates and address raw material shortages.
The Panther was rushed into combat at the Battle of Kursk in the summer of 1943 despite numerous unresolved technical problems, leading to high losses due to mechanical failures. Most design flaws were rectified by late 1943 and early 1944, though the Allied bombing of production plants in Germany, increasing shortages of high-quality alloys for critical components, shortage of fuel and training space, and the declining quality of crews all impacted the tank's effectiveness. Though officially classified as a medium tank, at 44.8 metric tons the Panther was closer in weight to contemporary foreign heavy tanks. The Panther's weight caused logistical problems, such as an inability to cross certain bridges; otherwise, the tank had a very high power-to-weight ratio which made it highly mobile.
The naming of Panther production variants did not follow alphabetical order, unlike most German tanks - the initial variant, Panther "D" (Ausf. D), was followed by "A" and "G" variants.

Panzerkampfwagen V Panther

Panther Ausf. D tanks, 1943
Type
Medium tank
Place of origin
Nazi Germany
Service history
In service
1943–1945 (Nazi Germany)
1944–1945 (Kingdom of Hungary)
1944–1952 (France)
Used by
Nazi Germany
France
Hungary
Limited use by other militaries (see Postwar and foreign use)
Wars
World War II
Production history
Designer
MAN AG
Designed
1942
Manufacturer
MAN, Daimler-Benz, MNH
Unit cost
117,100 ℛ︁ℳ︁ (without weapons, optics, or radio)
143,912 ℛ︁ℳ︁ (combat ready)[1][2]
2,000 Man hours[3]
Produced
1943–1945 (1946–49 postwar for the British Army)
No. built
about 6,000[4]
Variants
Befehlspanzer (command tank),
Bergepanther (armoured recovery vehicle),
Jagdpanther
Specifications
Mass
44.8 tonnes (44.1 long tons; 49.4 short tons)[5]
Length
6.87 m (22 ft 6 in)
8.66 m (28 ft 5 in) (with cannon forward)[5]
Width
3.27 m (10 ft 9 in)[5]
3.42 m (11 ft 3 in) (with skirts)
Height
2.99 m (9 ft 10 in)
Crew
5 (driver, radio operator/hull machine gunner, commander, gunner, loader)
Armour
16–100 mm
Main
armament
1 × 75 mm KwK 42 L/70 tank gun with 79 rounds[5]
Secondary
armament
2 × 7.92 mm MG 34 machine guns with 5,100 rounds
Engine
V12 Maybach HL230 P30 petrol engine[5]
700 PS (690 hp, 515 kW)
Power/weight
15.39 PS (11.5 kW/tonne) (13.77 hp/ton)
Transmission
ZF AK 7-200. 7 forward 1 reverse[5]
Suspension
double torsion bar, interleaved road wheels
Fuel capacity
730 litres (160 imp gal; 190 US gal)
Operational
range
Road: 260 km (160 mi)
Cross-country: 100 km (62 mi)
[6][7]
Maximum speed
55 km/h (34 mph) (early models)
46 km/h (29 mph) (later models)